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Measuring a person's brain wave responses when presented with certain words or images, particularly those related to a crime.

—brain fingerprint n.

Imagine a crime scene. There is a suspect, but he is innocent until proven guilty. This is where brain fingerprinting comes into play. It can be used to determine whether or not a suspect's brain recognises specific details. If it does, then the police will know their suspect has more information stored in his brain. Brain fingerprinting allows this by measuring a person's brainprint when he or she is shown a particular body of writing or an image.

The neurons in a brain fire electrically in synchronised patterns. Once the brain recognises something familiar, it will provide an instantaneous spark of recognition, something called the P300.

—"Fingerprint your brain," New Straits Times, June 11, 2006

A controversial technique for identifying a criminal mind using involuntary brainwaves that could reveal guilt or innocence is about to take centre stage in a last-chance court appeal against a death-row conviction in the US.

The technique, called "brain fingerprinting", has already been tested by the FBI and has now become part of the key evidence to overturn the murder conviction of Jimmy Ray Slaughter who is facing execution in Oklahoma.

Brain fingerprinting, developed by Dr Larry Farwell, chief scientist and founder of Brain Fingerprinting Laboratories, is a method of reading the brain's involuntary electrical activity in response to a subject being shown certain images relating to a crime.

Unlike the polygraph or lie detector to which it is often compared, the accuracy of this technology lies in its ability to pick up the electrical signal, known as a p300 wave, before the suspect has time to affect the output.

"It is highly scientific, brain fingerprinting doesn't have anything to do with the emotions, whether a person is sweating or not; it simply detects scientifically if that information is stored in the brain," says Dr Farwell.

—Becky McCall, "Brain fingerprints under scrutiny," BBC News, February 17, 2004

The Pottawattamie County Courthouse will become a legal testing lab this week as an Omaha man tries to overturn a 22-year-old murder conviction with a defense that includes new brain-wave technology that's never been used in court.

It's the first time anyone has tried to enter into evidence the results of a computer-generated test created by an Iowa psychiatrist, Lawrence Farwell, who calls the technology "brain fingerprinting." ...

After results of Harrington's test spread through the correctional system, other inmates wanted to be tested. The department now is trying to create a policy on how to allow more brain-fingerprint testing.

—Chris Clayton, "Brain-Fingerprinting' Defense Gets Iowa Test," Omaha World-Herald, November 14, 2000

This phrase is also occasionally used in the sense of "a brain wave pattern unique to an individual":

The aim is to find an accurate way of taking "brain fingerprints". Dr Palaniappan isn't doing badly — his accuracy rate stands at 99.1 per cent. "The research community has stopped making fun of it," he says.

Brain fingerprinting is unlikely to replace more conventional biometrics, such as fingerprint or iris recognition, not least because measuring brain waves is such a palaver. Volunteers don a gel-smeared skullcap sprouting electrodes that transmit the pulses to a detector.

—Anjana Ahuja, "Think about it, this will make turning on your computer much simpler," The Times (London), May 22, 2006